不同保水剂对土壤特性及烤烟生长的影响

为提高秦巴山区黄棕壤烟田的土壤性能,减少季节性干旱对烤烟生长的影响,以不施保水剂为对照,在烟田整地起垄前分别施入聚丙烯酸钾(K-PAM)、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)和腐殖酸钾(KHm)3种保水剂,测定施用不同保水剂后的土壤容重、土壤水分和烤烟生长状况、常规化学成分及经济性状。结果表明,聚丙烯酸钾和聚丙烯酰胺保水剂均降低0～40cm土层土壤容重,在烤烟旺长期提高0～40cm土层土壤水分。不同保水剂均可提高烤烟常规化学成分含量,其中腐殖酸钾保水剂显著降低烤烟的糖碱比和氮碱比。聚丙烯酸钾保水剂提高烤烟的产量、产值、上等烟比例及净增产值,而聚丙烯酰胺和腐殖酸钾保水剂处理组则降低烤烟的净增产值。因此,建议秦巴山区黄棕壤烟田选用聚丙烯酸钾类保水剂。     

光氮互作对芹菜幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

光质和施氮量是影响芹菜生长发育的关键因素,适宜的光氮组合能有效提升芹菜幼苗质量。为优化芹菜工厂化育苗,本试验设置2种光质(白光,W;蓝光,B)和2种施氮量(8mmol/L KNO_3,高氮,H;4mmol/L KNO_3,低氮,L),以WH为对照,研究光氮互作对芹菜幼苗生长、生理代谢和元素积累的影响。结果表明:与WH相比,WL和BH处理的芹菜全株干重分别显著减少43.18%和55.07%,WL处理的叶片和叶柄中硝酸盐、可溶性蛋白质和总游离氨基酸质量分数均显著降低,BH处理的叶片和叶柄中硝酸盐、可溶性蛋白质和矿质元素质量分数显著增加,而叶片中可溶性糖、丙氨酸族和丝氨酸族氨基酸质量分数均显著降低。然而BL处理的芹菜全株干重比WH显著增加32.18%,叶片可溶性蛋白质、叶柄组氨酸(His)和脯氨酸(Pro)质量分数均显著增加。利用隶属函数分析对芹菜幼苗生长发育进行综合评价发现,BL处理表现最优。综上所述,蓝光和低氮组合能促进芹菜干物质积累,提高可溶性蛋白质和游离氨基酸质量分数,进而促进芹菜幼苗生长发育。     

玉米-大豆间作和减量施氮对玉米生长、产量及土壤硝态氮含量的影响

通过大田试验，研究玉米单作（MM）、玉米-大豆间作1∶2（IMS1，玉米1行，大豆2行）、2∶2（IMS2，玉米2行，大豆2行）3种种植方式和3种施肥水平不施氮（N0）、减量施氮200 kg/hm（N1）、常量施氮300 kg/hm（N2）对玉米生长、产量以及土壤硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明，IMS1下，N2玉米叶面积较N0显著提高6.30%。间作和N1处理对玉米产量无显著影响，但显著提高了玉米和大豆总产量。N1较N2的氮肥农学效率显著提高。土壤硝态氮随玉米不同生育期的变化而变化，在成熟期达到最低值。与N2相比，N1土壤硝态氮无显著变化，未对土壤养分产生负面影响并能满足作物对氮素的需求，保持高产。总体来看，玉米大豆间作模式下减量施氮有利于节肥和提高间作体系总产量。     

张家港市农田土壤重金属含量高光谱遥感监测模型构建

以张家港农田土壤作为研究对象,在实验室测定土壤重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb、Hg的含量,并与土壤可见近红外高光谱数据建立土壤重金属含量的定量估测模型,以快速获取研究区农田的土壤重金属含量。为保证模型预测的精度和稳定性,首先,对原始高光谱数据进行平滑处理,并进行一阶导数、倒数一阶导数、倒数的对数一阶导数、平方根一阶导数和连续统去除等形式的光谱变换;然后,提取不同变换光谱的特征波段进行相关性分析;最后,通过逐步回归法建立重金属含量的定量估算模型。结果表明:张家港市农田土壤中Cd、Hg、Cu、Zn存在一定的污染风险。在高光谱的不同变换形式中,一阶导数和连续统去除与重金属含量的相关系数高于其他变换形式。基于8种土壤重金属含量与高光谱数据建立的定量估算模型具有良好的预测精度。Cd、Hg、Cr、As、Cu、Zn、Ni、Pb估算模型的实际值与验证值的拟合度分别为0.874、0.879、0.800、0.646、0.513、0.655、0.603和0.542,可用于预测张家港市的农田土壤重金属含量。     

Grain yield,nitrogen use efficiency and tillage intensity in wheat as affected by precision nutrient management

ABSTRACT

The present studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of different nutrient management practices under two tillage options in wheat. The experiments were laid out in split-plot design with a combination of two varieties (WH 1105 and HD 2967) and two tillage options (Conventional and No tillage) in the main plot and six precision nutrient management practices [absolute control, site-specific nutrient management with Nutrient Expert for wheat (SSNM-NE)(170 kg nitrogen (N)/ha), SSNM NE+GreenSeeker (GS)(153/158 N kg/ha), N₁₂₀ (120 kg N/ha) before irrigation, N₁₂₀ after irrigation and N Rich (180 kg N/ha)] in subplot replicated thrice. The grain yield and quality characters in no tillage (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) were similar but agronomic efficiency was higher in NT. Both the varieties (WH 1105 and HD 2967) gave similar grain yield and quality. Wheat variety WH 1105 recorded significantly higher sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation (SDS) and gluten index. The treatment SSNM NE+GS had resulted in 107.1% higher grain yield than no nitrogen control but similar to enriched N plot (180 kg N/ha). The grain protein, SDS and gluten index in need-based nutrient management (SSNM+GS) treatment were found to be similar as recorded in SSNM-NE (170 kgN/ha) and N enriched plot (180 kg N ha^?1). The agronomic efficiency and recovery efficiency in SSNM+GS were also better than SSNM NE.     

四端法土壤电导率传感器恒流源设计与试验

土壤信息对于指导农业生产有着极为重要的作用，土壤电导率反映了土壤含水量、盐分、粘粒含量和类型等土壤信息，准确获取土壤电导率对于实现农业精细化生产意义重大。在各种土壤电导率测量方法中，四端法因其成本低、精度高、测量快速和操作简便而大量应用于实际测量；恒流源是四端法测量仪器的重要组成部分，其性能直接决定着测量仪器的精度以及测量范围。本文对比了3种恒流源对测量仪器测量性能的影响，发现采用Howland恒流源的四端法测量仪器高电导率测量能力强而低电导率测量范围较小，测量精度最高；采用改进型Howland恒流源的四端法测量仪器低电导率测量范围有所扩大，测量精度良好；采用基于差动放大器的恒流源的电导率仪低电导率测量范围最大，高电导率测量范围较优，测量精度良好。     

石灰联合碳铵熏蒸对连作香蕉生长和根际微生物群落结构的影响

摘 要：由于长期连作导致香蕉枯萎病大量爆发，造成香蕉种植面积锐减，已严重影响海南香蕉产业的发展，因而急需寻求能够缓解或克服香蕉连作障碍的有效措施。本实验旨在探究使用绿色土壤熏蒸剂对长期连作蕉园的香蕉枯萎病的防控效果，特别是对植株生长发育、土壤化学性质和根际微生物区系的影响。田间试验共设置两个处理：石灰碳铵熏蒸处理（LAB）和对照处理（CK）。结果表明: LAB处理可以显著降低香蕉枯萎病发病率，与CK处理相比两季分别降低40%和46.62%，显著增加香蕉亩产量，与CK处理相比两季分别增产45.56%和75.99%。LAB处理可以显著提高土壤pH，改善土壤酸化，使酸性土壤维持中性水平，同时，增加土壤有机质含量，并且显著提高土壤速效磷（两季分别提高28.33%和89.14%）和速效钾含量（23.92%和38.67%）。并且LAB处理明显改变香蕉根际微生物群落结构，可以显著降低变形菌门和子囊菌门相对丰度，显著增加放线菌门等相对丰度，同时显著降低病原菌镰刀菌属相对丰度，并且显著提高部分土壤拮抗菌属的相对丰度，如链霉菌属、红球菌属和曲霉属。因此，石灰碳铵熏蒸有效改善香蕉根际微生物群落结构，有效防控香蕉枯萎病的发生并促进其植株生长。     

科尔沁草甸湿地土壤碳氮剖面分布及生长季动态特征

采用定位观测的试验方法,于2016年5-10月及2017年8月对科尔沁草甸湿地0~100 cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮剖面分布及生长季动态特征进行了实验分析,旨在为科尔沁草甸湿地保护提供科学指导并为干旱半干旱地区湿地土壤碳氮储量估算提供借鉴。结果表明:1)科尔沁草甸湿地土壤有机碳、全氮含量整体随土层深度下降,0~20 cm土层间下降显著,20 cm以下趋于相对稳定,范围分别为11.9~23.5 g·kg^-1和0.66~1.50 g·kg^-1。2)各土层土壤碳氮含量月间差异显著(全氮40~60 cm土层除外),变化幅度随土层深度先减小后增大;土壤碳氮密度(100 cm)生长季变化大于年际变化,有机碳密度全生长季呈上升趋势,范围为15.44~20.82 kg·m^-2,全氮密度生长初期明显下降,之后趋于相对稳定,范围为1.01~1.16 kg·m^-2。3)土壤有机碳含量与全氮含量呈极显著正相关;植被和水文是影响其分布、变化的关键因子。科尔沁草甸湿地生长季土壤有机碳、全氮密度变化较大,且表现为潜在的碳汇和氮源,但年际间碳汇潜力未充分发挥,本研究建议禁牧力度应加大并增加氮肥投入以提高科尔沁草甸湿地生态系统功能。     

Influence of soil phosphorus status,texture, pH and metal content on the efficacy of amendments to pig slurry in reducing phosphorus losses

Cost‐effective strategies for using chemically amended organic fertilizers need to be developed to minimize nutrient losses in surface and groundwater. Coupling specific soil physical and chemical characteristics with amendment type could increase their effectiveness. This study investigated how water‐extractable phosphorus (P) was affected by chemical amendments added to pig slurry and how this effect varied with soil properties. A 3‐month incubation study was conducted on 18 different mineral soils, stored at 10 °C and 75% humidity and treated with unamended and amended slurry which was incorporated at a rate equivalent to 19 kg total P (TP )/ha. The amendments examined were commercial‐grade liquid alum, applied at a rate of 0.88:1 [Al:TP ], and commercial‐grade liquid poly‐aluminium chloride (PAC ), applied at a rate of 0.72:1 [Al:TP ]. These amendments were previously identified by the authors as being effective in reducing incidental losses of P. The efficacy of the amendments varied with the soil test P, the degree of P saturation (DPS ) and the Mehlich aluminium, iron and calcium, but not soil texture. Chemical amendments were most effective in soils with DPS over approximately 20%. Due to their high cost, the incorporation of amendments into existing management practices can only be justified as part of a holistic management plan where soils have high DPS .